{"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"language":"python","display_name":"Python 3","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"pygments_lexer":"ipython3","nbconvert_exporter":"python","version":"3.6.4","file_extension":".py","codemirror_mode":{"name":"ipython","version":3},"name":"python","mimetype":"text/x-python"}},"nbformat_minor":4,"nbformat":4,"cells":[{"cell_type":"code","source":"!apt-get install poppler-utils","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:14:49.868613Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:14:49.869216Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:14:55.173406Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:14:49.869125Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:14:55.172520Z"},"_kg_hide-output":true,"collapsed":true,"jupyter":{"outputs_hidden":true},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Introduction to the COTS Control Innovation Program (CCIP) - By Mary C. Bonin\n\nCOTS Control Innovation Program, Great Barrier Reef Foundation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia\n\n\"Outbreaks of coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) are a major cause of coral decline on the Great Barrier Reef and future COTS outbreaks are almost certain. Managing these damaging outbreaks is a critical priority to improve the health of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Effective management of COTS outbreaks is also a necessary complement to research and innovation that helps the Great Barrier Reef resist, adapt to, and recover from the impacts of climate change. The overarching goal of the COTS Control Innovation Program (CCIP) is to create a step change that will accelerate the development of innovative control and surveillance methods, while continuing to improve the efficacy and efficiency of current methods.\" \n\n\"The program is being delivered as a collaborative partnership between AIMS, CSIRO, James Cook University, University of Queensland, and the Great Barrier Reef Foundation, with a total investment  Outcomes of this research program will advance our capacity to proactively detect and suppress primary outbreaks and manage COTS at scale on the Great Barrier Reef.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"!pip install pdf2image\n!pip install easyocr","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:15:50.841931Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:15:50.842421Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:16:09.360957Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:15:50.842384Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:16:09.359986Z"},"_kg_hide-output":true,"collapsed":true,"jupyter":{"outputs_hidden":true},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","source":"#Code by Salman Ibne Eunus https://www.kaggle.com/salmaneunus/pdf2text-ocr-named-entity-recognition\n\nfrom pdf2image import convert_from_path\nimport easyocr\nimport numpy as numpy\nimport PIL\nfrom PIL import ImageDraw\nimport spacy\nimport numpy as np","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:16:34.518888Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:16:34.519391Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:16:45.088915Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:16:34.519344Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:16:45.087970Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Crown-of-thorns starfish management to achieve  Reef 2050 goals for the Great Barrier Reef \n\nAuthors: Darren Cameron, Roger Beeden, Jo Baker, Mary Bonin, Dylan Horne, Anya Jaeckli, Sam Matthews,\nTristan Simpson, Daniel Schultz, David Williamson, \n\nReef Interventions, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, Australia\n\nCOTS Control Innovation Program, Great Barrier Reef Foundation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia\n\n\"The Reef 2050 Plan identifies crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks as a significant threat to the health of the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. It calls on us to work collaboratively across government, research and industry bodies to reduce the impact of COTS in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. These outbreaks compound the damage caused by tropical cyclones and coral bleaching events, and mitigating their impact is one of the most scalable and feasible on-ground management interventions currently available to enhance Reef resilience and recovery in the face of climate change.\"\n\n\"The COTS Control Program is delivered as part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority’s management strategy to address the COTS threat. The Program’s manual in-water control component is delivered through a strategic partnership between the Great Barrier Reef Foundation (GBRF), Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) and the Reef and Rainforest Research Centre (RRRC). Since its inception, the COTS Control Program has been carried out in collaboration with tourism industry and research partners to ensure the best available science and local knowledge are incorporated into on-ground action.\"\n\n\"The goal of the COTS Control Program is to protect coral by culling starfish down to ecologically sustainable levels that promote coral growth and recovery. We are not attempting to stop the utbreaks or eradicate the starfish; these are not feasible goals given the limitations of current control methods. The Program strategically focuses its resources on individual reefs of high ecological and economic value across the Marine Park using dedicated vessels and trained crews.\"\n\n\"With the expansion of the program in 2018, they implemented an innovative new approach to pest management in collaboration with our research partners in the National Environmental Science Program. Crews on board the fleet of vessels are now trained to use targeted surveillance, intensive culling, and reef health surveys to achieve sustainable starfish numbers that promote coral growth and recovery.\"\n\n\"To support this new approach, the Marine Park Authority has developed data capture apps and visualisation tools to support adaptive and data-driven decision making. The expanded COTS Control Program is protecting coral from COTS impacts on a network of >100 high value reefs across the Marine Park.\"\n\n\"The COTS Control Program has undergone significant improvement since its inception, and we strive to maintain this momentum, delivering world-leading, science-based, adaptive management of COTS on the Great Barrier Reef looking forward to 2050.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"reader = easyocr.Reader(['en'])","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:16:47.804682Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:16:47.805018Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:16:50.964395Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:16:47.804985Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:16:50.963433Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","source":"!wget https://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:17:33.372109Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:17:33.372428Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:17:37.106700Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:17:33.372399Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:17:37.105822Z"},"_kg_hide-output":true,"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Reviewing COTS control efforts 2012-2019: adaptive management leads to continuous improvement\n\nAuthors: Chad L Hewitt, Marnie L Campbell, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia\n\n\"The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) holds an iconic place in the Australian psyche and represents unique and outstanding values to Australia and the global community as acknowledged through its World Heritage listing in 1981. Despite numerous protections, the GBR has been under increasing stress from numerous threats resulting in decreases in hard coral cover. These include impacts from tropical cyclones, oceanic heatwaves, increased nutrient inputs, fishing pressures and coral predation by the natural predator crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) particularly during cyclic ‘outbreaks’.\"\n\n\"COTS outbreaks have some degree of predictability, particularly within the cycle of an outbreak, leading to opportunities for intervention to minimise or even prevent coral loss. When a new outbreak was detected in 2010 (the fourth outbreak cycle since the 1960s), several parties including tourism operators, reef managers and key members of the public lobbied for significant efforts to minimise COTS impact. In 2012 the Australian Government provided significant funding for manual COTS control at key economic assets between 2012 and June 2018, and additional funding for an expanded program between July 2018 to June 2020.\"\n\n\"An independent review has examined the COTS Control Program between 2012/13 and 2018/19. Here we \nreport the high level findings of the review, specifically: insights to the changes in the Control Program through time; the extent to which key stakeholder concerns with Control Program efforts have been incorporated or addressed in improvements; whether the current surveillance and control data collections are commensurate with Control Program objectives to optimise investment and control effort; and, critical review of the effectiveness of manual control in reducing COTS density and size at control sites.\"\n\n\"In general, the Control Program has shifted from reactionary (tactical) response almost entirely focused on economic values to a more strategic response focused on core environmental values that also have economic benefits. This shift has been driven by changes in strategy (e.g. methods of site/reef selection; Integrated Pest.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"images = convert_from_path('2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf')","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:18:53.738858Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:18:53.739762Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:18:57.101552Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:18:53.739714Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:18:57.100489Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Distribution expansion and historical population outbreak patterns of crown-of-thorns \nstarfish for the last 100 years; additional insights into secondary outbreaks\n\nAuthor: Nina Yasuda\n\nDepartment of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, \nUniversity of Miyazaki1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan\n\n\"The distribution and population outbreak records of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster cf. solaris, in Japan from 1912 to 2015 was reviewed and analyzed. The literature survey suggests that COTS distribution has been extending northwards since 1945 from Amami Ohshima (its previous northernmost distribution) to Miyake Island and Goto Island.\"\n\n\"Genetic homogeneity within Japanese COTS populations indicates that larval dispersal has likely caused this poleward migration. Water temperatures have significantly increased in the temperate area of Japan, implying that climate change is partly responsible for this poleward migration.\"\n\n\"More frequent and intense population outbreaks in temperate areas were also observed, possibly in relation to increased water temperatures and successive larval dispersal from the south. Overall, complex and persistent patterns were observed fortwo major successive population outbreaks in Japan: from 1969 to 1991 and from 1995 to now.\"\n\n\"The evidence suggests that the western Okinawa populations are the most likely origin for secondary outbreaks within Japan. The Amami population is also likely to be an important source for outbreaks intemperate regions. However, no records of intensive population outbreaks were found until 2015 for least in two regions: Ogasawara and the Ohsumi Islands. Ogasawara is located approximately 1,000 km south of the Kuroshio Current, so infestation via larval dispersal from other populations is more limited than in other Kuroshio regions.\"\n\n\"The Ohsumi Islands are, however, located in the middle of the Kuroshio Current, implying that insufficient corals are available for the growth of COTS or that unknown environment factors suppress recruitment and juvenile survival.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"from IPython.display import display, Image\ndisplay(images[0])","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:19:17.139654Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:19:17.140521Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:19:18.404953Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:19:17.140479Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:19:18.404297Z"},"_kg_hide-input":true,"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Okinawa’s comprehensive research program on crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks\n\nAuthors: Ken Okaji, Kei Ogasawara, Eiji Yamakawa, Makoto Kitamura,Naoki Kumagai, Nobuyuki Nakatomi, Shuichi Yamamoto, Ryota Nakajima, Koichi Kinjo, Masako Nakamura, Nina Yasuda\n\n\"Repeated outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) have devastated Okinawa’s coral communities \nduring the past five decades. For identifying the important causal factors of outbreaks and developing a new management policy, Okinawa Prefectural Government implemented its first ever comprehensive research program on this species between 2012 and 2018.\"\n\n\"The program involved water quality observation, larval nutrition, larval dispersal simulation, and juvenile ecology. The results of the program suggested the following: 1) food availability for COTS larvae quickly increases to the level at which larval growthand survival is supported after heavy rainfall; 2) in addition to phytoplankton, COTS larvae are able to utilize particulate organic matter such as detritus and coral mucus as supplemental food sources; 3) COTS larval dispersion leading to successful recruitment is likely a local-scale event; 4) the prediction of COTS outbreaks by monitoring the density of alga-eating juveniles is considered to be feasible. On the basis of \nthese results, the Okinawa Prefectural Government proposes water quality improvement in the coastal \ncatchment areas as a long-term target as well as continued physical removal of COTS in limited areas for short-term management.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"bounds = reader.readtext(np.array(images[0]), min_size = 0, slope_ths=0.2, ycenter_ths = 0.7, height_ths = 0.6, width_ths = 0.8, decoder='beamsearch', beamWidth=10)\nbounds","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:21:26.510986Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:21:26.511494Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:22:01.401960Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:21:26.511451Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:22:01.400985Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Controlling crown-of-thorns starfish in a small island developing nation: using collaboration and innovation to overcome resource limitations.\n\nAuthors: Johanna Johnson, David Welch, Peter Whitelaw, Christina Shaw, Pascal Dumas, Rocky Kaku,  Owen Drew, Kehana Andrew\n\n\"Vanuatu is an archipelago of 83 islands with the majority of the population living in coastal areas based on a subsistence lifestyle that relies on healthy coral reef ecosystems for sustainable fisheries, small-scale livelihoods and reef tourism. Vanuatu has experienced crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks numerous times, and previous COTS outbreaks documented in 2006, 2008 and 2014 caused significant reef habitat declines.\"\n\n\"There is currently an active outbreak of COTS in Vanuatu that has been observed on fringing reefs around the main island of Efate and nearby islands of Lelepa, Moso, Ifira and Hideaway, areas of high to very high coral cover. There are also reports of COTS on fringing reefs around islands to the north – Nguna, Pele, Espiritu Santo – as well as islands in the south of the country – Tanna.\"\n\n\"Due to limited resources and high accessibility of fringing reefs, COTS control is haphazard through a voluntary program, and only some data (e.g. number of COTS culled) are documented using an online reporting system1. Marine tourism operators and community groups are leading the initiative using injector kits to cull COTS, and remote villages without kits are removing COTS manually and burning or burying them. Critically, a network of committed marine stakeholders are reporting sightings of COTS in high densities and responding accordingly with collective culling efforts. Communities have also used a ‘bounty’ system as incentive to remove COTS, with Pele Island addressing a recent outbreak and protecting their high-value eco-tourism reefs.\"\n\n\"An intensive 6-months of control in 2020 removed over 5,600 COTS and identified hotspot areas around Pango Peninsula and in Mele Bay. Observations that COTS outbreaks are becoming more frequent is of great concern to the tourism and fishing sectors, and future successful COTS control will require a more strategic and coordinated approach that is locally appropriate.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"#Code by Salman Ibne Eunus https://www.kaggle.com/salmaneunus/pdf2text-ocr-named-entity-recognition\n\ndef draw_boxes(image, bounds, color = 'blue', width=4):\n  draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)\n  for bound in bounds:\n    p0, p1, p2, p3 = bound[0]\n    draw.line([*p0, *p1, *p2, *p3, *p0], fill=color, width=width)\n  return image\n\ndraw_boxes(images[0], bounds)","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:22:08.244680Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:22:08.244993Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:22:09.483190Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:22:08.244958Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:22:09.482284Z"},"_kg_hide-input":true,"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","source":"bounds[0][1]","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:22:35.489241Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:22:35.489731Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:22:35.497000Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:22:35.489690Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:22:35.496177Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","source":"#Code by Salman Ibne Eunus https://www.kaggle.com/salmaneunus/pdf2text-ocr-named-entity-recognition\n\ntext = ''\nfor i in range(len(bounds)):\n  text = text + bounds[i][1] + '\\n'\n\nprint(text)","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:22:52.889976Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:22:52.890828Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:22:52.897646Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:22:52.890777Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:22:52.896650Z"},"_kg_hide-input":true,"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"code","source":"nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:23:14.461349Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:23:14.462102Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:23:15.305415Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:23:14.462068Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:23:15.304509Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Valuating COTS control strategies for the Great Barrier Reef using a systems modelling approach\n\nAuthors: Scott A.Condie, Russ C. Babcock, Cameron S. Fletcher,Éva E. Plagányi, David A. Westcott\n\n\"Regular outbreaks of coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) have combined with coral bleaching and tropical cyclones to severely deplete coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and this deterioration is likely to accelerate under the influence of climate change. Optimising COTS control strategies within such a complex system requires a systems-modelling approach. The Coral Community Network (CoCoNet) model represents major coral groups and age-structured COTS populations on more than 3750 reefs connected through ocean larval dispersal. It includes realistic environmental forcing (tropical cyclones, floods, and coral bleaching) and has been validated in terms of historical coral cover and the outbreak and propagation of COTS through the GBR network.\"\n\n\"Results suggest that recently developed control methods combined with existing vessel \ncapacity could potentially reduce COTS populations below the ecological threshold (for net coral growth) on most GBR reefs. However, this will be achieved gradually over the next two decades and maintaining control capacity throughout the COTS boom-bust cycle will be critical to the success of the strategy\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf\n","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"doc = nlp(text)","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:23:30.495228Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:23:30.495508Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:23:30.530056Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:23:30.495480Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:23:30.529355Z"},"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Vertigo3: a modernised approach to manta towing\n\nAuthor: Brett Kettle, Andy Steven,Joshua Ridde ll3, Brano Kusy\n\n\"Manta towing (tow-boarding) was first used for crown-of-thorns starfish management 51 years ago, and \nwith few modifications remains the staple for many reef monitoring initiatives. A modernisation program would seek to improve speed and depth range, apply geolocations to individual observations, adopt artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) to reduce latency in data analysis, archive vision for repurposing datasets to address future research questions, increase survey repeatability, and reduce personnel requirements.\"\n\n\"Vertigo3 achieves these objectives in a suitcase-sized ‘towed glider’, 650mm in wingspan and weighing 5kg. Vertigo3’s design philosophy focusses on overcoming four physical constraints: towing the robotic device behind a small boat provides the energy required to overcome the density of the medium and to combat tidal velocities; the absence of GPS signals or other reef-wide positioning systems is mitigated by calculating offsets from the vessel’s GPS, and by on-board sensors that allow image rectification and georeferencing; underwater bandwidth limits are overcome by a reinforced fibre optic tow cable that provides gigabit bandwidth so that the surface operator sees live streaming vision with real-time AIML augmentation;  and operations in topographically complex environments are facilitated by a strategy of small size and I mass, authoritative 3-axis flight controls and fast fusion of terrain-following sensors.\"\n\nIn its current incarnation Vertigo3 operates comfortably to 7kts and 15m depth, capturing 500,000 5MP images per day, with real-time ML models operating at 10 frames per second. The device autopilots with minimal inputs from the vessel coxswain, allowing for single-handed operations. AIML object detection skills have been demonstrated for temperate starfish, and seabed classification methods are currently being trialled for seagrass identification and density mapping. Vertigo3 appears amenable to adaptation for crown-of-thorns starfish management, with geolocation, immediacy of starfish detection, AIML and larger/faster survey footprints potentially offering opportunities to refine management field methods and productivity. Vertigo3 is intended to become an open sourced tool for marine biophysical surveys, and its developers are currently seeking collaborations to build new use cases.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"#Code by Salman Ibne Eunus https://www.kaggle.com/salmaneunus/pdf2text-ocr-named-entity-recognition\n\nfrom spacy import displacy\ndisplacy.render(nlp(doc.text), style = 'ent', jupyter=True)","metadata":{"execution":{"iopub.status.busy":"2021-11-24T01:23:52.417262Z","iopub.execute_input":"2021-11-24T01:23:52.417621Z","iopub.status.idle":"2021-11-24T01:23:52.443185Z","shell.execute_reply.started":"2021-11-24T01:23:52.417574Z","shell.execute_reply":"2021-11-24T01:23:52.442219Z"},"_kg_hide-input":true,"trusted":true},"execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Ocean warming and changes in the behaviour and physiology of crown-of-thorns starfish\n\nAuthors: Bethan Lang, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia\n\n\"Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris.; COTS) and climate change are two of the most prominent threats to the Great Barrier Reef, however there is currently a lack of knowledge regarding how COTS may fare in a warmer ocean.\"\n\n\"Some studies have demonstrated that the immature stages of COTS are sensitive to warming, potentially a result of the relatively stable thermal environment they experience in the tropics. Adult COTS may also be highly thermosensitive as a result of the high energetic demands associated with reproduction, as observed in other echinoderm species.\"\n\n\"They will investigate how COTS respond to warming in terms of locomotion, neuromuscular coordination, metabolic rate and survival. Conduct acute thermal challenge experiments in order to establish the temperature-induced aerobic scope and also the metabolic enzyme activity, with the aim of determining the reliance on aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism at different temperature points. This study will enable us to better predict how future climate change will affect populations of COTS, and their effects on corals and reef ecosystems.\"\n\nhttps://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021-International-COTS-Control-Forum-Program-DIGITAL.pdf","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#Acknowledgement:\n\nSalman Ibne Eunus https://www.kaggle.com/salmaneunus/pdf2text-ocr-named-entity-recognition","metadata":{}}]}