{
  "id": 68528,
  "title": "An Attempt at a Glossary",
  "url": "/competitions/human-protein-atlas-image-classification/discussion/68528",
  "author_name": "Aypop Tosis",
  "post_date": "2018-10-14T00:36:36.838000",
  "votes": 9,
  "comment_count": 0,
  "views": 0,
  "content": "<p>I thought it would be a good idea to aggregate information about each of the classes we are meant to predict. They are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Nucleoplasm  </li>\n<li>Nuclear membrane   </li>\n<li>Nucleoli   </li>\n<li>Nucleoli fibrillar center   </li>\n<li>Nuclear speckles   </li>\n<li>Nuclear bodies   </li>\n<li>Endoplasmic reticulum   </li>\n<li>Golgi apparatus   </li>\n<li>Peroxisomes   </li>\n<li>Endosomes   </li>\n<li>Lysosomes   </li>\n<li>Intermediate filaments   </li>\n<li>Actin filaments   </li>\n<li>Focal adhesion sites   </li>\n<li>Microtubules   </li>\n<li>Microtubule ends   </li>\n<li>Cytokinetic bridge   </li>\n<li>Mitotic spindle   </li>\n<li>Microtubule organizing center   </li>\n<li>Centrosome   </li>\n<li>Lipid droplets   </li>\n<li>Plasma membrane   </li>\n<li>Cell junctions   </li>\n<li>Mitochondria   </li>\n<li>Aggresome   </li>\n<li>Cytosol   </li>\n<li>Cytoplasmic bodies   </li>\n<li>Rods &amp; rings  </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>0-5) Most types of cells in eukaryotic organisms (anything that's not bacteria/archaea) have nuclei (singular: nucleus). The nucleus acts as a storehouse for DNA and warehouses much of DNA to RNA transcription. The nucleus itself has a nuclear membrane that separates its inner workings from the rest of the cell. Inside the nucleus there are nucleoli (singular: nucleolus). Nucleoli are involved in the construction of ribosomes, which are the workhorses of RNA transcription and protein synthesis. Ribosome synthesis occurs in the nucleoli fibrillar center. Nuclear speckles and nuclear bodies are (from what I understand) chromatin structures, chromatin being a large complex of DNA, RNA, and protein. Any real estate within the nucleus not taken up by these is taken up by nucleoplasm. </p>\n\n<p>6) The endoplasmic reticulum is a large network dedicated to the synthesis of many different molecules. Rough ER, which has an abundance of embedded ribosomes, is dedicated more to protein synthesis, while smooth ER which lacks ribosomes is dedicated more to synthesis of other molecules like steroid hormones. </p>\n\n<p>7-10) You can almost imagine the Golgi apparatus as the post office of the cell. Proteins for construction, detoxification, messaging can sometimes be packed in little pockets of phospholipid bilayer called vesicles. Endosomes are involved in the initial packing of these kinds of proteins. Both lysosomes and peroxisomes carry proteins meant to break down large molecules. Lysosomes are more general-use, while peroxisomes specialize in breaking down very long chain fatty acids. </p>\n\n<p>11-19,22,27) All of these are involved in the overall structure of the cell - how it moves around, how it clings itself to a surface, how it communicates with neighboring cells. Several of these are involved in monitoring and adjusting to the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes cell division. (Obligatory Meiosis Square Dance: <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg</a> ) </p>\n\n<p>20) Lipid droplets are reservoirs for lipids like cholesterol, usually found in fat cells. </p>\n\n<p>21) The plasma membrane is the membrane of the cell, controlling flow of molecules inside and out with a phospholipid bilayer and several pores and channels. </p>\n\n<p>23) The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. This is the warehouse for oxidative phosphorylation, arguably the best method of energy transfer. There are other ways for the cell to get energy like lactic acid fermentation which can be performed in the cytosol, but they are not as efficient. </p>\n\n<p>24) An aggresome is basically a junkyard for misfolded proteins. </p>\n\n<p>25) The cytosol is the gooey stock solution inside the cells. Any real estate not taken up by organelles and reservoirs of molecules is taken up by cytosol.  </p>\n\n<p>26) Cytoplasmic bodies are basically junkyards for messenger RNA, with some control mechanisms added in. </p>\n\n<p>If there's anything you feel worth adding, elaborating, or correcting, please post a comment. And good luck to all in the competition!</p>",
  "messages": [
    {
      "id": 403566,
      "postDate": "2018-10-14T00:36:36.837Z",
      "content": "<p>I thought it would be a good idea to aggregate information about each of the classes we are meant to predict. They are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Nucleoplasm  </li>\n<li>Nuclear membrane   </li>\n<li>Nucleoli   </li>\n<li>Nucleoli fibrillar center   </li>\n<li>Nuclear speckles   </li>\n<li>Nuclear bodies   </li>\n<li>Endoplasmic reticulum   </li>\n<li>Golgi apparatus   </li>\n<li>Peroxisomes   </li>\n<li>Endosomes   </li>\n<li>Lysosomes   </li>\n<li>Intermediate filaments   </li>\n<li>Actin filaments   </li>\n<li>Focal adhesion sites   </li>\n<li>Microtubules   </li>\n<li>Microtubule ends   </li>\n<li>Cytokinetic bridge   </li>\n<li>Mitotic spindle   </li>\n<li>Microtubule organizing center   </li>\n<li>Centrosome   </li>\n<li>Lipid droplets   </li>\n<li>Plasma membrane   </li>\n<li>Cell junctions   </li>\n<li>Mitochondria   </li>\n<li>Aggresome   </li>\n<li>Cytosol   </li>\n<li>Cytoplasmic bodies   </li>\n<li>Rods &amp; rings  </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>0-5) Most types of cells in eukaryotic organisms (anything that's not bacteria/archaea) have nuclei (singular: nucleus). The nucleus acts as a storehouse for DNA and warehouses much of DNA to RNA transcription. The nucleus itself has a nuclear membrane that separates its inner workings from the rest of the cell. Inside the nucleus there are nucleoli (singular: nucleolus). Nucleoli are involved in the construction of ribosomes, which are the workhorses of RNA transcription and protein synthesis. Ribosome synthesis occurs in the nucleoli fibrillar center. Nuclear speckles and nuclear bodies are (from what I understand) chromatin structures, chromatin being a large complex of DNA, RNA, and protein. Any real estate within the nucleus not taken up by these is taken up by nucleoplasm. </p>\n\n<p>6) The endoplasmic reticulum is a large network dedicated to the synthesis of many different molecules. Rough ER, which has an abundance of embedded ribosomes, is dedicated more to protein synthesis, while smooth ER which lacks ribosomes is dedicated more to synthesis of other molecules like steroid hormones. </p>\n\n<p>7-10) You can almost imagine the Golgi apparatus as the post office of the cell. Proteins for construction, detoxification, messaging can sometimes be packed in little pockets of phospholipid bilayer called vesicles. Endosomes are involved in the initial packing of these kinds of proteins. Both lysosomes and peroxisomes carry proteins meant to break down large molecules. Lysosomes are more general-use, while peroxisomes specialize in breaking down very long chain fatty acids. </p>\n\n<p>11-19,22,27) All of these are involved in the overall structure of the cell - how it moves around, how it clings itself to a surface, how it communicates with neighboring cells. Several of these are involved in monitoring and adjusting to the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes cell division. (Obligatory Meiosis Square Dance: <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg</a> ) </p>\n\n<p>20) Lipid droplets are reservoirs for lipids like cholesterol, usually found in fat cells. </p>\n\n<p>21) The plasma membrane is the membrane of the cell, controlling flow of molecules inside and out with a phospholipid bilayer and several pores and channels. </p>\n\n<p>23) The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. This is the warehouse for oxidative phosphorylation, arguably the best method of energy transfer. There are other ways for the cell to get energy like lactic acid fermentation which can be performed in the cytosol, but they are not as efficient. </p>\n\n<p>24) An aggresome is basically a junkyard for misfolded proteins. </p>\n\n<p>25) The cytosol is the gooey stock solution inside the cells. Any real estate not taken up by organelles and reservoirs of molecules is taken up by cytosol.  </p>\n\n<p>26) Cytoplasmic bodies are basically junkyards for messenger RNA, with some control mechanisms added in. </p>\n\n<p>If there's anything you feel worth adding, elaborating, or correcting, please post a comment. And good luck to all in the competition!</p>",
      "rawMarkdown": "I thought it would be a good idea to aggregate information about each of the classes we are meant to predict. They are:\n\n0.  Nucleoplasm  \n1.  Nuclear membrane   \n2.  Nucleoli   \n3.  Nucleoli fibrillar center   \n4.  Nuclear speckles   \n5.  Nuclear bodies   \n6.  Endoplasmic reticulum   \n7.  Golgi apparatus   \n8.  Peroxisomes   \n9.  Endosomes   \n10.  Lysosomes   \n11.  Intermediate filaments   \n12.  Actin filaments   \n13.  Focal adhesion sites   \n14.  Microtubules   \n15.  Microtubule ends   \n16.  Cytokinetic bridge   \n17.  Mitotic spindle   \n18.  Microtubule organizing center   \n19.  Centrosome   \n20.  Lipid droplets   \n21.  Plasma membrane   \n22.  Cell junctions   \n23.  Mitochondria   \n24.  Aggresome   \n25.  Cytosol   \n26.  Cytoplasmic bodies   \n27.  Rods &amp; rings  \n\n0-5) Most types of cells in eukaryotic organisms (anything that's not bacteria/archaea) have nuclei (singular: nucleus). The nucleus acts as a storehouse for DNA and warehouses much of DNA to RNA transcription. The nucleus itself has a nuclear membrane that separates its inner workings from the rest of the cell. Inside the nucleus there are nucleoli (singular: nucleolus). Nucleoli are involved in the construction of ribosomes, which are the workhorses of RNA transcription and protein synthesis. Ribosome synthesis occurs in the nucleoli fibrillar center. Nuclear speckles and nuclear bodies are (from what I understand) chromatin structures, chromatin being a large complex of DNA, RNA, and protein. Any real estate within the nucleus not taken up by these is taken up by nucleoplasm. \n\n6) The endoplasmic reticulum is a large network dedicated to the synthesis of many different molecules. Rough ER, which has an abundance of embedded ribosomes, is dedicated more to protein synthesis, while smooth ER which lacks ribosomes is dedicated more to synthesis of other molecules like steroid hormones. \n\n7-10) You can almost imagine the Golgi apparatus as the post office of the cell. Proteins for construction, detoxification, messaging can sometimes be packed in little pockets of phospholipid bilayer called vesicles. Endosomes are involved in the initial packing of these kinds of proteins. Both lysosomes and peroxisomes carry proteins meant to break down large molecules. Lysosomes are more general-use, while peroxisomes specialize in breaking down very long chain fatty acids. \n\n11-19,22,27) All of these are involved in the overall structure of the cell - how it moves around, how it clings itself to a surface, how it communicates with neighboring cells. Several of these are involved in monitoring and adjusting to the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes cell division. (Obligatory Meiosis Square Dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg ) \n\n20) Lipid droplets are reservoirs for lipids like cholesterol, usually found in fat cells. \n\n21) The plasma membrane is the membrane of the cell, controlling flow of molecules inside and out with a phospholipid bilayer and several pores and channels. \n\n23) The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. This is the warehouse for oxidative phosphorylation, arguably the best method of energy transfer. There are other ways for the cell to get energy like lactic acid fermentation which can be performed in the cytosol, but they are not as efficient. \n\n24) An aggresome is basically a junkyard for misfolded proteins. \n\n25) The cytosol is the gooey stock solution inside the cells. Any real estate not taken up by organelles and reservoirs of molecules is taken up by cytosol.  \n\n26) Cytoplasmic bodies are basically junkyards for messenger RNA, with some control mechanisms added in. \n\nIf there's anything you feel worth adding, elaborating, or correcting, please post a comment. And good luck to all in the competition!\n\n",
      "votes": 9
    }
  ],
  "comments": [],
  "raw_markdown_by_id": {
    "403566": "I thought it would be a good idea to aggregate information about each of the classes we are meant to predict. They are:\n\n0.  Nucleoplasm  \n1.  Nuclear membrane   \n2.  Nucleoli   \n3.  Nucleoli fibrillar center   \n4.  Nuclear speckles   \n5.  Nuclear bodies   \n6.  Endoplasmic reticulum   \n7.  Golgi apparatus   \n8.  Peroxisomes   \n9.  Endosomes   \n10.  Lysosomes   \n11.  Intermediate filaments   \n12.  Actin filaments   \n13.  Focal adhesion sites   \n14.  Microtubules   \n15.  Microtubule ends   \n16.  Cytokinetic bridge   \n17.  Mitotic spindle   \n18.  Microtubule organizing center   \n19.  Centrosome   \n20.  Lipid droplets   \n21.  Plasma membrane   \n22.  Cell junctions   \n23.  Mitochondria   \n24.  Aggresome   \n25.  Cytosol   \n26.  Cytoplasmic bodies   \n27.  Rods &amp; rings  \n\n0-5) Most types of cells in eukaryotic organisms (anything that's not bacteria/archaea) have nuclei (singular: nucleus). The nucleus acts as a storehouse for DNA and warehouses much of DNA to RNA transcription. The nucleus itself has a nuclear membrane that separates its inner workings from the rest of the cell. Inside the nucleus there are nucleoli (singular: nucleolus). Nucleoli are involved in the construction of ribosomes, which are the workhorses of RNA transcription and protein synthesis. Ribosome synthesis occurs in the nucleoli fibrillar center. Nuclear speckles and nuclear bodies are (from what I understand) chromatin structures, chromatin being a large complex of DNA, RNA, and protein. Any real estate within the nucleus not taken up by these is taken up by nucleoplasm. \n\n6) The endoplasmic reticulum is a large network dedicated to the synthesis of many different molecules. Rough ER, which has an abundance of embedded ribosomes, is dedicated more to protein synthesis, while smooth ER which lacks ribosomes is dedicated more to synthesis of other molecules like steroid hormones. \n\n7-10) You can almost imagine the Golgi apparatus as the post office of the cell. Proteins for construction, detoxification, messaging can sometimes be packed in little pockets of phospholipid bilayer called vesicles. Endosomes are involved in the initial packing of these kinds of proteins. Both lysosomes and peroxisomes carry proteins meant to break down large molecules. Lysosomes are more general-use, while peroxisomes specialize in breaking down very long chain fatty acids. \n\n11-19,22,27) All of these are involved in the overall structure of the cell - how it moves around, how it clings itself to a surface, how it communicates with neighboring cells. Several of these are involved in monitoring and adjusting to the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes cell division. (Obligatory Meiosis Square Dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaf4j19_3Zg ) \n\n20) Lipid droplets are reservoirs for lipids like cholesterol, usually found in fat cells. \n\n21) The plasma membrane is the membrane of the cell, controlling flow of molecules inside and out with a phospholipid bilayer and several pores and channels. \n\n23) The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. This is the warehouse for oxidative phosphorylation, arguably the best method of energy transfer. There are other ways for the cell to get energy like lactic acid fermentation which can be performed in the cytosol, but they are not as efficient. \n\n24) An aggresome is basically a junkyard for misfolded proteins. \n\n25) The cytosol is the gooey stock solution inside the cells. Any real estate not taken up by organelles and reservoirs of molecules is taken up by cytosol.  \n\n26) Cytoplasmic bodies are basically junkyards for messenger RNA, with some control mechanisms added in. \n\nIf there's anything you feel worth adding, elaborating, or correcting, please post a comment. And good luck to all in the competition!\n\n"
  }
}