{ "id": 214827, "title": "BIOLOGY 101", "url": "/competitions/hpa-single-cell-image-classification/discussion/214827", "author_name": "Saurabh Shahane", "post_date": "2021-01-27T18:40:02.438000", "votes": 31, "comment_count": 8, "views": 0, "content": "

Various biological terms explained !!

\n
    \n

  1. Nucleoplasm : The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It controls the cell's growth and reproduction because it contains cell's hereditary information.
    \n\"Protein

    2. \n

  2. Nuclear Membrane : A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    \n!(Nuclear Membrane)[]

    3. \n

  3. Nucleoli : Nucleoli are small basophilic spherical bodies located in the nucleus. Usually they can be found in the central nuclear region but may also be close to the nuclear membrane.

    4. \n

  4. Nucleoli fibrillar center : The nucleolus fibrillar center (FC) is a sub-compartment of most metazoan nucleoli.
    \n\"FC\"

    5. \n

  5. Nuclear speckles : The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membrane less organelles or structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm.
    \n\"N

    6. \n

  6. Nuclear Bodies : Nuclear bodies are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies.
    \n\"NB\"

    7. \n

  7. Endoplasmic reticulum : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .
    \n\"ER\"

    8. \n

  8. Golgi apparatus : The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic organisms that moves molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. The organelle also modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the endoplasmic reticulum. The main function of the Golgi apparatus is the ability to deliver vesicles, or packets of various cell products, to different locations throughout the cell. The Golgi also has important functions in tagging vesicles with proteins and sugar molecules, which serve as identifiers for the vesicles so they can be delivered to the proper target. The organelle is also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body.
    \n\"GA\"

    9. \n

  9. Intermediate filaments : Intermediate filaments are important components of the cell's cytoskeletal system. They may stabilize organelles, like the nucleus, or they may be involved in specialized junctions. They are distinguished from \"thin filaments\" by their size (8-10 nm) and the fact that thin filaments are obviously motile.
    \n\"IF\"

    10. \n

  10. Actin Filaments - also called as Microfilaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.
    \n\"AF\"

    11. \n

  11. Microtubules - Microtubules are microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape, and keeps its organelles in place
    \n(Refer the actin filament figure )

    12. \n

  12. Mitotic spindle : The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function.
    \n\"MS\"

    13. \n

  13. Centrosome - Centrosomes are organelles which serve as the main microtubule organizing centers for animal cells. Centrosomes are made of from arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.
    \n\"Centrosome\"

    14. \n

  14. Plasma membrane - The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.
    \n!(PM)[https://pixfeeds.com/images/9/345036/1200-578601664-diagram-with-plasma-membrane.jpg]

    15. \n

  15. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
    \n!(MC)[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Mitochondrial_DNA_lg.jpg]

    16. \n

  16. Aggresome - An aggresome refers to an aggregation of misfolded proteins in the cell, formed when the protein degradation system of the cell is overwhelmed. Aggresome formation is a highly regulated process that possibly serves to organize misfolded proteins into a single location.
    \n\"Ag\"

    17. \n

  17. Cytosol - Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float. The cytosol of any cell is a complex solution, whose properties allow the functions of life to take place.
    \n\"Cytosol\"

    18. \n

  18. Vesicles - A vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.
    \n\"VS\"

    19. \n
", "messages": [ { "id": 1173237, "postDate": "2021-01-27T18:40:02.440Z", "content": "

Various biological terms explained !!

\n
    \n

  1. Nucleoplasm : The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It controls the cell's growth and reproduction because it contains cell's hereditary information.
    \n\"Protein

    2. \n

  2. Nuclear Membrane : A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
    \n!(Nuclear Membrane)[]

    3. \n

  3. Nucleoli : Nucleoli are small basophilic spherical bodies located in the nucleus. Usually they can be found in the central nuclear region but may also be close to the nuclear membrane.

    4. \n

  4. Nucleoli fibrillar center : The nucleolus fibrillar center (FC) is a sub-compartment of most metazoan nucleoli.
    \n\"FC\"

    5. \n

  5. Nuclear speckles : The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membrane less organelles or structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm.
    \n\"N

    6. \n

  6. Nuclear Bodies : Nuclear bodies are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies.
    \n\"NB\"

    7. \n

  7. Endoplasmic reticulum : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .
    \n\"ER\"

    8. \n

  8. Golgi apparatus : The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic organisms that moves molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. The organelle also modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the endoplasmic reticulum. The main function of the Golgi apparatus is the ability to deliver vesicles, or packets of various cell products, to different locations throughout the cell. The Golgi also has important functions in tagging vesicles with proteins and sugar molecules, which serve as identifiers for the vesicles so they can be delivered to the proper target. The organelle is also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body.
    \n\"GA\"

    9. \n

  9. Intermediate filaments : Intermediate filaments are important components of the cell's cytoskeletal system. They may stabilize organelles, like the nucleus, or they may be involved in specialized junctions. They are distinguished from \"thin filaments\" by their size (8-10 nm) and the fact that thin filaments are obviously motile.
    \n\"IF\"

    10. \n

  10. Actin Filaments - also called as Microfilaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.
    \n\"AF\"

    11. \n

  11. Microtubules - Microtubules are microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape, and keeps its organelles in place
    \n(Refer the actin filament figure )

    12. \n

  12. Mitotic spindle : The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function.
    \n\"MS\"

    13. \n

  13. Centrosome - Centrosomes are organelles which serve as the main microtubule organizing centers for animal cells. Centrosomes are made of from arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.
    \n\"Centrosome\"

    14. \n

  14. Plasma membrane - The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.
    \n!(PM)[https://pixfeeds.com/images/9/345036/1200-578601664-diagram-with-plasma-membrane.jpg]

    15. \n

  15. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
    \n!(MC)[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Mitochondrial_DNA_lg.jpg]

    16. \n

  16. Aggresome - An aggresome refers to an aggregation of misfolded proteins in the cell, formed when the protein degradation system of the cell is overwhelmed. Aggresome formation is a highly regulated process that possibly serves to organize misfolded proteins into a single location.
    \n\"Ag\"

    17. \n

  17. Cytosol - Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float. The cytosol of any cell is a complex solution, whose properties allow the functions of life to take place.
    \n\"Cytosol\"

    18. \n

  18. Vesicles - A vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.
    \n\"VS\"

    19. \n
", "rawMarkdown": "Various biological terms explained !!\n\n\n0. Nucleoplasm : The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It controls the cell's growth and reproduction because it contains cell's hereditary information.\n![Protein Localized to Nucleoplasm](https://t1.thpservices.com/previewimage/gallil/d4ac6c285efe17a264d6ab3368caa46f/esy-046513437.jpg)\n\n1. Nuclear Membrane : A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm. \n!(Nuclear Membrane)[]\n\n2. Nucleoli : Nucleoli are small basophilic spherical bodies located in the nucleus. Usually they can be found in the central nuclear region but may also be close to the nuclear membrane.\n\n3. Nucleoli fibrillar center : The nucleolus fibrillar center (FC) is a sub-compartment of most metazoan nucleoli. \n![FC](https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/5-celulas/imagenes/nucleo-nucleolo.png)\n\n4. Nuclear speckles : The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membrane less organelles or structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm.\n![N Sp](https://els-jbs-prod-cdn.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/cms/attachment/58f65772-0f71-4cae-a745-0482bac6620a/gr3.jpg)\n\n5. Nuclear Bodies : Nuclear bodies are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies.\n![NB](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144265/bin/nihms305932f1.jpg)\n\n6. Endoplasmic reticulum : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .\n![ER](https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Structure-Types-Functions.jpg)\n\n7. Golgi apparatus : The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic organisms that moves molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. The organelle also modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the endoplasmic reticulum. The main function of the Golgi apparatus is the ability to deliver vesicles, or packets of various cell products, to different locations throughout the cell. The Golgi also has important functions in tagging vesicles with proteins and sugar molecules, which serve as identifiers for the vesicles so they can be delivered to the proper target. The organelle is also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body. \n![GA](https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Golgi-Apparatus-Structure-and-Functions.jpg)\n\n8. Intermediate filaments : Intermediate filaments are important components of the cell's cytoskeletal system. They may stabilize organelles, like the nucleus, or they may be involved in specialized junctions. They are distinguished from \"thin filaments\" by their size (8-10 nm) and the fact that thin filaments are obviously motile.\n![IF](https://study.com/cimages/videopreview/videopreview-full/p93mrvqr1t.jpg)\n\n9. Actin Filaments - also called as Microfilaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.\n![AF](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Image/Get?imageInfo.ImageType=GA&imageInfo.ImageIdentifier.ManuscriptID=C4CC00005F&imageInfo.ImageIdentifier.Year=2014)\n\n10. Microtubules - Microtubules are microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape, and keeps its organelles in place \n(Refer the actin filament figure )\n\n11. Mitotic spindle : The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function.\n![MS](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/enqDJzTKHHtzus1JdnIcsrodnUvd75Uy4Lt2CTY7r87lpIKgCOK6HW7JoB02XuChpDW2_h57ajjyv54jZpkVzsvzDxzGwyN0ZiNtBC0gdfVOUFBkPBIWjujW1cF_feO18bkOR5SSgEPtcxJcGoaBM7_4fmhk)\n\n12. Centrosome - Centrosomes are organelles which serve as the main microtubule organizing centers for animal cells. Centrosomes are made of from arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.\n![Centrosome](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/62Gs7HQwdHM/maxresdefault.jpg)\n\n13. Plasma membrane - The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.\n!(PM)[https://pixfeeds.com/images/9/345036/1200-578601664-diagram-with-plasma-membrane.jpg]\n\n14. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).\n!(MC)[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Mitochondrial_DNA_lg.jpg]\n\n15. Aggresome - An aggresome refers to an aggregation of misfolded proteins in the cell, formed when the protein degradation system of the cell is overwhelmed. Aggresome formation is a highly regulated process that possibly serves to organize misfolded proteins into a single location. \n![Ag](https://www.spandidos-publications.com/article_images/br/11/6/br-11-06-0241-g05.jpg)\n\n16. Cytosol - Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float. The cytosol of any cell is a complex solution, whose properties allow the functions of life to take place.\n![Cytosol](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OuJxcT_duiM/Vx9F6rkfxcI/AAAAAAAAVvI/KDpyqg0UXjs9V6D7foMoEOcz8eETlzBSwCLcB/s1600/Cell.jpg)\n\n17. Vesicles - A vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.\n![VS](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/vesicular-transport_med.jpeg)", "votes": 31 }, { "id": 1173350, "postDate": "2021-01-27T20:13:10.863Z", "content": "

Nice! You can see how these structures actually look like in our images https://www.kaggle.com/lnhtrang/single-cell-patterns/notebook#0.-Nucleoplasm
\nFurthermore, some classes include more than 1 organelle. For example, 12 is centrosomes and centriolar satellites; 17 includes Vesicles, Peroxisomes (lipid metabolism), Endosomes (sorting compartments), Lysosomes (degradation of molecules or eating up dead molecules), Lipid droplets (fat storage), Cytoplasmic bodies (distinct granules in the cytosol).

", "rawMarkdown": "Nice! You can see how these structures actually look like in our images https://www.kaggle.com/lnhtrang/single-cell-patterns/notebook#0.-Nucleoplasm\nFurthermore, some classes include more than 1 organelle. For example, 12 is centrosomes and centriolar satellites; 17 includes Vesicles, Peroxisomes (lipid metabolism), Endosomes (sorting compartments), Lysosomes (degradation of molecules or eating up dead molecules), Lipid droplets (fat storage), Cytoplasmic bodies (distinct granules in the cytosol).", "votes": 4, "replies": [ { "id": 1173379, "postDate": "2021-01-27T20:44:36.463Z", "content": "

I'll update accordingly

", "rawMarkdown": "I'll update accordingly" } ] }, { "id": 1178318, "postDate": "2021-01-30T19:34:15.050Z", "content": "

Thanks for sharing this valuable information.

", "rawMarkdown": "Thanks for sharing this valuable information.", "votes": 1 }, { "id": 1175426, "postDate": "2021-01-29T06:54:00.057Z", "content": "

Great work. That is very interesting

", "rawMarkdown": "Great work. That is very interesting ", "votes": 1 }, { "id": 1175350, "postDate": "2021-01-29T05:16:25.650Z", "content": "

@saurabhshahane Nice share

", "rawMarkdown": "@saurabhshahane Nice share", "votes": 1 }, { "id": 1175208, "postDate": "2021-01-29T02:22:11.313Z", "content": "

This feels like the biology books from high school ! 😀😀

\n

But thanks for collating this information.

", "rawMarkdown": "This feels like the biology books from high school ! 😀😀\n\nBut thanks for collating this information. ", "votes": 1 }, { "id": 2902784, "postDate": "2024-07-03T12:58:14.547Z", "content": "

It's really full-fledged and effective work!!!!

", "rawMarkdown": "It's really full-fledged and effective work!!!!" }, { "id": 1175849, "postDate": "2021-01-29T11:33:15.847Z", "content": "

Thanks for sharing! @saurabhshahane

", "rawMarkdown": "Thanks for sharing! @saurabhshahane ", "votes": 1 } ], "comments": [ { "id": 1173350, "author_name": "Trang Le", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-27T20:13:10.863000", "content": "

Nice! You can see how these structures actually look like in our images https://www.kaggle.com/lnhtrang/single-cell-patterns/notebook#0.-Nucleoplasm
\nFurthermore, some classes include more than 1 organelle. For example, 12 is centrosomes and centriolar satellites; 17 includes Vesicles, Peroxisomes (lipid metabolism), Endosomes (sorting compartments), Lysosomes (degradation of molecules or eating up dead molecules), Lipid droplets (fat storage), Cytoplasmic bodies (distinct granules in the cytosol).

", "votes": 4, "replies": [ { "id": 1173379, "author_name": "Saurabh Shahane", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-27T20:44:36.463000", "content": "

I'll update accordingly

", "votes": 0, "replies": [] } ] }, { "id": 1178318, "author_name": "Md. Rashed Abdullah", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-30T19:34:15.050000", "content": "

Thanks for sharing this valuable information.

", "votes": 1, "replies": [] }, { "id": 1175426, "author_name": "Son Nguyen", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-29T06:54:00.057000", "content": "

Great work. That is very interesting

", "votes": 1, "replies": [] }, { "id": 1175350, "author_name": "Izzy Adesanya", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-29T05:16:25.650000", "content": "

@saurabhshahane Nice share

", "votes": 1, "replies": [] }, { "id": 1175208, "author_name": "SkyLord", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-29T02:22:11.313000", "content": "

This feels like the biology books from high school ! 😀😀

\n

But thanks for collating this information.

", "votes": 1, "replies": [] }, { "id": 2902784, "author_name": "Snchs7", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2024-07-03T12:58:14.547000", "content": "

It's really full-fledged and effective work!!!!

", "votes": 0, "replies": [] }, { "id": 1175849, "author_name": "Mittal Jain", "author_url": "", "post_date": "2021-01-29T11:33:15.847000", "content": "

Thanks for sharing! @saurabhshahane

", "votes": 1, "replies": [] } ], "raw_markdown_by_id": { "1173237": "Various biological terms explained !!\n\n\n0. Nucleoplasm : The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It controls the cell's growth and reproduction because it contains cell's hereditary information.\n![Protein Localized to Nucleoplasm](https://t1.thpservices.com/previewimage/gallil/d4ac6c285efe17a264d6ab3368caa46f/esy-046513437.jpg)\n\n1. Nuclear Membrane : A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm. \n!(Nuclear Membrane)[]\n\n2. Nucleoli : Nucleoli are small basophilic spherical bodies located in the nucleus. Usually they can be found in the central nuclear region but may also be close to the nuclear membrane.\n\n3. Nucleoli fibrillar center : The nucleolus fibrillar center (FC) is a sub-compartment of most metazoan nucleoli. \n![FC](https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/5-celulas/imagenes/nucleo-nucleolo.png)\n\n4. Nuclear speckles : The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membrane less organelles or structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm.\n![N Sp](https://els-jbs-prod-cdn.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/cms/attachment/58f65772-0f71-4cae-a745-0482bac6620a/gr3.jpg)\n\n5. Nuclear Bodies : Nuclear bodies are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies.\n![NB](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144265/bin/nihms305932f1.jpg)\n\n6. Endoplasmic reticulum : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .\n![ER](https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-ER-Structure-Types-Functions.jpg)\n\n7. Golgi apparatus : The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic organisms that moves molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. The organelle also modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the endoplasmic reticulum. The main function of the Golgi apparatus is the ability to deliver vesicles, or packets of various cell products, to different locations throughout the cell. The Golgi also has important functions in tagging vesicles with proteins and sugar molecules, which serve as identifiers for the vesicles so they can be delivered to the proper target. The organelle is also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body. \n![GA](https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Golgi-Apparatus-Structure-and-Functions.jpg)\n\n8. Intermediate filaments : Intermediate filaments are important components of the cell's cytoskeletal system. They may stabilize organelles, like the nucleus, or they may be involved in specialized junctions. They are distinguished from \"thin filaments\" by their size (8-10 nm) and the fact that thin filaments are obviously motile.\n![IF](https://study.com/cimages/videopreview/videopreview-full/p93mrvqr1t.jpg)\n\n9. Actin Filaments - also called as Microfilaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.\n![AF](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Image/Get?imageInfo.ImageType=GA&imageInfo.ImageIdentifier.ManuscriptID=C4CC00005F&imageInfo.ImageIdentifier.Year=2014)\n\n10. Microtubules - Microtubules are microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape, and keeps its organelles in place \n(Refer the actin filament figure )\n\n11. Mitotic spindle : The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function.\n![MS](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/enqDJzTKHHtzus1JdnIcsrodnUvd75Uy4Lt2CTY7r87lpIKgCOK6HW7JoB02XuChpDW2_h57ajjyv54jZpkVzsvzDxzGwyN0ZiNtBC0gdfVOUFBkPBIWjujW1cF_feO18bkOR5SSgEPtcxJcGoaBM7_4fmhk)\n\n12. Centrosome - Centrosomes are organelles which serve as the main microtubule organizing centers for animal cells. Centrosomes are made of from arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.\n![Centrosome](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/62Gs7HQwdHM/maxresdefault.jpg)\n\n13. Plasma membrane - The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.\n!(PM)[https://pixfeeds.com/images/9/345036/1200-578601664-diagram-with-plasma-membrane.jpg]\n\n14. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).\n!(MC)[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Mitochondrial_DNA_lg.jpg]\n\n15. Aggresome - An aggresome refers to an aggregation of misfolded proteins in the cell, formed when the protein degradation system of the cell is overwhelmed. Aggresome formation is a highly regulated process that possibly serves to organize misfolded proteins into a single location. \n![Ag](https://www.spandidos-publications.com/article_images/br/11/6/br-11-06-0241-g05.jpg)\n\n16. Cytosol - Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float. The cytosol of any cell is a complex solution, whose properties allow the functions of life to take place.\n![Cytosol](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OuJxcT_duiM/Vx9F6rkfxcI/AAAAAAAAVvI/KDpyqg0UXjs9V6D7foMoEOcz8eETlzBSwCLcB/s1600/Cell.jpg)\n\n17. Vesicles - A vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.\n![VS](https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/vesicular-transport_med.jpeg)", "1173350": "Nice! You can see how these structures actually look like in our images https://www.kaggle.com/lnhtrang/single-cell-patterns/notebook#0.-Nucleoplasm\nFurthermore, some classes include more than 1 organelle. For example, 12 is centrosomes and centriolar satellites; 17 includes Vesicles, Peroxisomes (lipid metabolism), Endosomes (sorting compartments), Lysosomes (degradation of molecules or eating up dead molecules), Lipid droplets (fat storage), Cytoplasmic bodies (distinct granules in the cytosol).", "1178318": "Thanks for sharing this valuable information.", "1175426": "Great work. That is very interesting ", "1175350": "@saurabhshahane Nice share", "1175208": "This feels like the biology books from high school ! 😀😀\n\nBut thanks for collating this information. ", "2902784": "It's really full-fledged and effective work!!!!", "1175849": "Thanks for sharing! @saurabhshahane " } }