{"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"language":"python","display_name":"Python 3","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"pygments_lexer":"ipython3","nbconvert_exporter":"python","version":"3.6.4","file_extension":".py","codemirror_mode":{"name":"ipython","version":3},"name":"python","mimetype":"text/x-python"},"kaggle":{"accelerator":"none","dataSources":[{"sourceId":91249,"databundleVersionId":11294684,"sourceType":"competition"}],"isInternetEnabled":true,"language":"python","sourceType":"notebook","isGpuEnabled":false}},"nbformat_minor":4,"nbformat":4,"cells":[{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"# Public Image Collection of Bacterial Flagellar Motors (BFMs) ","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"","metadata":{"trusted":true},"outputs":[],"execution_count":null},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41594-020-0497-2/MediaObjects/41594_2020_497_Fig1_HTML.png)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/48979%2Felife-48979-fig2-v3.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.icr.org/i/articles/af/bacterial_flagella_pic3.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://journals.asm.org/cms/10.1128/jb.00340-09/asset/4ab2a26e-9273-4ee3-b9ac-80f80e99a393/assets/graphic/zjb0160989540005.jpeg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.1518952113/asset/db8f6e98-2b20-4f77-9bd2-95cfb24e6c94/assets/graphic/pnas.1518952113fig03.jpeg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321897025/figure/fig4/AS:586720206675974@1516896406533/Flagellar-structure-of-magnetotactic-bacterium-MO-1-a-Electron-micrograph-of-isolated.png)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340614539/figure/fig16/AS:880089344516126@1586841059476/The-MS-ring-as-a-structural-adaptor-a-A-model-of-the-34-mer-MS-ring-coloured-to.png)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/48979%2Felife-48979-fig3-v3.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.1518952113/asset/7a61200c-e53a-4573-8cb4-f59cff9e88b2/assets/graphic/pnas.1518952113sfig02.jpeg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/asset/4f111423-dcdb-496f-a023-6f7da81b06d0/keyimage.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/05/19/2020.05.18.101634/F13.large.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326997238/figure/fig2/AS:11431281221115352@1706698989904/Characterization-of-the-DflgO-flagellum-in-situ-by-cryo-ET-A-to-C-A-representative.jpeg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://journals.asm.org/cms/10.1128/jb.00117-19/asset/b9a27e36-0748-4d84-bd2e-9c3ff50f4397/assets/graphic/jb.00117-19-f0002.jpeg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.mdpi.com/ijms/ijms-23-11609/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-23-11609-g004.png)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2118401119/asset/bbf0df14-0174-4b89-b180-36c562738463/assets/images/large/pnas.2118401119fig01.jpg)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![](https://www.embopress.org/cms/asset/52936f9d-e200-4079-9fc2-28e29e02a098/embj2018100957-fig-0001-m.png)","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"code","source":"","metadata":{"trusted":true},"outputs":[],"execution_count":null},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### **Bacterial Flagellar Motors (BFMs)**  \n\n**Bacterial Flagellar Motors (BFMs)** are **rotary molecular machines** that bacteria use for movement. Instead of ATP, they utilize **proton motive force (PMF) or sodium motive force (SMF)** to rotate the flagellum.  \n\n---\n\n### **1. Basic Structure of BFM**  \nBFMs consist of several key components:\n\n1. **Rotor**:  \n   - The rotating part embedded in the cell membrane.  \n   - Includes the **MS ring (Membrane-Supramembrane Ring)**.  \n\n2. **Stator**:  \n   - Surrounds the rotor and generates torque.  \n   - Consists of **MotA, MotB (or PomA, PomB in sodium-driven motors)** proteins.  \n\n3. **Hook**:  \n   - Functions as a \"universal joint\" connecting the motor to the flagellum.  \n   - Provides both flexibility and rigidity.  \n\n4. **Flagellum (Filament)**:  \n   - A long fiber that acts as a propeller.  \n   - Composed of **flagellin** proteins.  \n\n5. **C-ring (Cytoplasmic Ring)**:  \n   - Located on the cytoplasmic side, responsible for rotation control.  \n\n---\n\n### **2. Mechanism of Motion**  \n- Driven by **proton motive force (PMF) or sodium motive force (SMF)**.  \n- The stator (**MotA-MotB complex**) allows protons or sodium ions to pass through, generating torque.  \n- Can rotate **hundreds of times per second (up to 1700 Hz)**.  \n\n---\n\n### **3. Chemotaxis**  \nBacteria use the **Che protein signaling system** to sense environmental changes and control the direction of rotation:  \n- **Counterclockwise (CCW) rotation** → Straight movement (Run).  \n- **Clockwise (CW) rotation** → Random tumbling (Tumble).  \n\nThis allows bacteria to move toward nutrient-rich areas and away from harmful environments.  \n\n---\n\n### **4. Research and Applications**  \n- **Bionanotechnology**: Developing artificial molecular motors.  \n- **Antibacterial drug targets**: Inhibiting the MotA/B system to prevent bacterial movement.  \n- **Synthetic biology**: Engineering artificial bacterial motors for controlled micro-scale movement.  \n\n---\n\nBacterial Flagellar Motors are among **the most efficient molecular machines in nature**, making them an essential subject of research in both biological and engineering fields!  ","metadata":{}}]}